WEBVTT 00:00:02.520 --> 00:00:06.880 Welcome to everyone to this exciting Marconi Society event. 00:00:07.620 --> 00:00:12.389 I hope you are as enthusiastic about this event as I am. 00:00:13.040 --> 00:00:21.099 This truly is an opportunity to hear from titans of industry, the people 00:00:21.099 --> 00:00:27.500 who have created much of what we live and depend on today for our activities. 00:00:28.495 --> 00:00:35.085 It's an interesting period that they will be talking about the early 1970s, 50 years 00:00:35.085 --> 00:00:44.575 ago were a period of rate invention and the creation the, of, at a very fundamental level, 00:00:45.025 --> 00:00:48.205 the elements that we depend on completely. 00:00:48.785 --> 00:00:53.804 In the case of Federico Faggin, the invention of the microprocessor. 00:00:54.285 --> 00:00:59.035 In the case of chronologically, Marty Cooper, the. 00:00:59.375 --> 00:01:06.785 First, a cell phone call with a handheld device, and in the case of vint Cerf, the 00:01:07.105 --> 00:01:09.675 essence of the Internet itself, TCPIP. 00:01:10.494 --> 00:01:16.405 So this will be an amazing session, hearing from these individuals, and I'm 00:01:16.414 --> 00:01:18.395 very much looking forward to it myself. 00:01:19.535 --> 00:01:24.605 This is an event that was initially billed as a members only event. 00:01:25.045 --> 00:01:26.155 And as 00:01:26.155 --> 00:01:32.575 we pondered that, we decided that this was too good to, to hold in the 00:01:32.945 --> 00:01:39.394 Marconi Society itself and instead we make this available to a much, much larger 00:01:39.395 --> 00:01:45.104 audience as an example of the benefits of being a part of the Marconi Society. 00:01:45.664 --> 00:01:48.884 So hopefully you will take that into account as you move forward. 00:01:49.804 --> 00:01:57.685 And I know that you didn't come to this event to see me, or Barry in front of me, so let's 00:01:57.950 --> 00:02:04.840 move to those that you really did come to see, and I'd like to introduce our Master of 00:02:04.840 --> 00:02:14.090 Ceremonies for this event, Yasaman, and she is herself a very accomplished individual. 00:02:14.579 --> 00:02:18.970 She is a marconi Society Young Scholar. 00:02:19.730 --> 00:02:24.010 And currently serves as an assistant professor of electrical and computer 00:02:24.010 --> 00:02:31.790 engineering at Princeton university, which is, as most of one of the outstanding 00:02:31.899 --> 00:02:33.950 academic institutions in the United States. 00:02:34.859 --> 00:02:41.060 Again, to keep things brief, the KISS principle applies, and Yasaman, please take it away. 00:02:42.170 --> 00:02:43.320 Thanks so much, Dennis. 00:02:43.320 --> 00:02:44.619 And hello, everyone. 00:02:45.019 --> 00:02:45.749 Welcome. 00:02:45.779 --> 00:02:49.929 I'm super excited, honored to moderate this panel. 00:02:50.239 --> 00:02:58.140 Let me go ahead and share a few slides, pick things up. 00:02:58.140 --> 00:02:59.920 Hello, everyone. 00:03:00.310 --> 00:03:10.460 Okay, so today we're going to have three pioneers, legends, my own role models and 00:03:10.910 --> 00:03:16.460 this is my absolute, let me, all right, can you see the slides, and slide B? 00:03:16.639 --> 00:03:25.304 Okay let me quickly talk about the agenda for today First, we're going to have three 00:03:25.304 --> 00:03:27.915 short remarks by our three panelists. 00:03:28.364 --> 00:03:32.834 Then we will open it up for questions, panel discussions, and 00:03:32.834 --> 00:03:35.844 also questions from the audience. 00:03:35.855 --> 00:03:39.495 So please keep your questions coming, leave them in the chat. 00:03:39.865 --> 00:03:40.195 We'll read it. 00:03:41.674 --> 00:03:44.454 And so that is questions we wanna ask given our short time. 00:03:45.114 --> 00:03:52.234 So I thought a lot about how I'm gonna, I'm gonna do justice introducing our 00:03:53.065 --> 00:03:56.244 pioneers in short three, four minutes. 00:03:56.654 --> 00:04:01.945 And instead I thought you probably know everyone and you Googled and you did your homework. 00:04:02.155 --> 00:04:09.005 And instead I'm gonna just share a few pictures with you that I really, blah. 00:04:09.340 --> 00:04:12.380 Starting with Federico Faggin. 00:04:12.400 --> 00:04:18.430 As you all know Federico was one of the inventors of MOS Silicon 00:04:18.430 --> 00:04:20.829 Gate technology back in 1968. 00:04:22.030 --> 00:04:28.000 This is the building block of our IC and then the MOS transistors that we see 00:04:28.000 --> 00:04:34.145 today in every single device from memory to complex logic circuits and systems. 00:04:35.585 --> 00:04:46.040 In 1971, 52 years ago Federico developed the first commercial microprocessor of Intel 00:04:46.190 --> 00:04:50.380 4004, and then after 8008, and then 8080. 00:04:50.820 --> 00:04:55.180 So I remember working with the 8080 back at my undergrad, but I don't remember 00:04:55.180 --> 00:04:58.499 the versions before me, before that. 00:04:58.689 --> 00:05:05.090 So you can see a picture of this Intel 4004 and on the top right of the slide. 00:05:05.090 --> 00:05:10.870 And this was originally used in a calculating machine that you can see right next to it. 00:05:11.980 --> 00:05:18.330 It's, it was interesting to learn that this initial CPU was a 4 bit 00:05:18.330 --> 00:05:22.405 CPU with only 750 kHz of clock rate. 00:05:22.424 --> 00:05:30.534 Very different from what we know as a modern CPU processors today. 00:05:30.995 --> 00:05:36.155 And I think for Federico here is holding the layout of the chip, so correct me if 00:05:36.155 --> 00:05:39.534 I'm wrong, but I think this is the layout of the chip that he is holding here. 00:05:40.635 --> 00:05:44.859 Next panelist is Vint Cerf. 00:05:44.880 --> 00:05:48.719 So Vint, as you know, he is the pioneer of internet. 00:05:48.840 --> 00:05:52.950 He, with Bob Kahn developed the first TCP/IP protocol. 00:05:53.940 --> 00:05:58.700 They wrote the first document back in 1973 and published it in I I 00:05:58.700 --> 00:06:01.280 triple transaction on communications. 00:06:01.670 --> 00:06:04.520 I went back and read that document. 00:06:04.520 --> 00:06:06.710 Actually I was surprised that. 00:06:07.145 --> 00:06:12.695 It was quite interesting and easy to read very much similar to what we know 00:06:12.695 --> 00:06:18.065 of TCP/IP protocol that I teach my students in my introductory class today. 00:06:19.650 --> 00:06:25.559 The sketch that you're seeing here is recreated from Vint's original sketch. 00:06:26.099 --> 00:06:33.750 That he tried to simplify the problem, simplify this very complex problem by showing three 00:06:33.770 --> 00:06:39.509 packet switch networks connected through multiple gateways and host computers, and trying 00:06:39.509 --> 00:06:44.579 to come up with rules of how these networks should talk to each other and manage errors 00:06:44.579 --> 00:06:48.419 that might happen during this connection. 00:06:48.490 --> 00:06:54.440 I believe the picture on the right bottom is at around the same time, 00:06:54.440 --> 00:07:00.719 1972-1973, when got his PhD at UCLA. 00:07:02.860 --> 00:07:07.800 Last but definitely not least we have Martin Cooper on the call. 00:07:08.300 --> 00:07:12.490 He's the inventor of the first portable cellphone in 1973. 00:07:13.200 --> 00:07:20.525 I believe Marty has one of the one of the prototypes with him right now, and 00:07:21.015 --> 00:07:24.045 it's very heavy, two and a half pounds. 00:07:24.495 --> 00:07:28.045 It's very big, about 10 inches long. 00:07:28.665 --> 00:07:36.205 He also made the first phone call from a Manhattan sidewalk, and a great test to see how 00:07:36.275 --> 00:07:39.405 the signal quality is given a noisy background. 00:07:44.000 --> 00:07:46.650 Great to have you all here with me today. 00:07:46.830 --> 00:07:48.090 This is my absolute pleasure. 00:07:48.570 --> 00:07:54.469 Without further ado, I'm going to turn it over to Federico to start his short remarks. 00:08:13.050 --> 00:08:18.170 I'm pleased to be here to talk about a time of history when I was young. 00:08:20.110 --> 00:08:27.080 In 1968, a computer, the smallest computers were called mini computers. 00:08:27.679 --> 00:08:36.250 And they had a CPU that was made with the order of 50 to 100 integrated 00:08:36.250 --> 00:08:38.689 circuits using bipolar technology. 00:08:39.299 --> 00:08:44.989 And then they had core memories for the random access memory, and they could 00:08:45.000 --> 00:08:47.780 hardly fit in a desk with a lot of memory. 00:08:49.970 --> 00:08:54.709 So that technology was the best that could be done in those days. 00:08:55.480 --> 00:09:01.084 There was a technology that was up and coming, it was MOS, but it had many problems. 00:09:01.454 --> 00:09:08.295 And in 68, I was able to create a new technology that changed the way 00:09:08.474 --> 00:09:10.455 that the MOS devices were built. 00:09:11.195 --> 00:09:16.795 That brought five times the speed of the incumbent technology. 00:09:16.795 --> 00:09:22.724 It was at that point you could have much lower leakage, which meant that 00:09:22.725 --> 00:09:25.085 you could make Dynamic memories. 00:09:25.635 --> 00:09:29.865 And you could integrate twice as many transistors in the same area. 00:09:30.165 --> 00:09:34.155 So that technology was able to solve the problems that were... 00:09:35.399 --> 00:09:35.829 solve... 00:09:36.650 --> 00:09:42.459 technology, or with [inaudible] technology, on computer, on a chip. 00:09:42.960 --> 00:09:46.980 So that technology then ended up in the hands of Intel. 00:09:47.380 --> 00:09:53.509 And in 1970, I joined Intel, and there, I developed the first, I designed the first... 00:09:55.370 --> 00:09:55.760 so the... 00:10:01.670 --> 00:10:02.830 at that time there were two, 00:10:04.385 --> 00:10:06.325 Or the right way, the right choice. 00:10:07.295 --> 00:10:15.455 And with microprocessor, the old way that we designed systems change, because now 00:10:15.575 --> 00:10:22.580 instead of designing a dedicated system, especially for control applications, 00:10:22.940 --> 00:10:24.765 you couldn't use a computer, of course. 00:10:24.765 --> 00:10:28.545 The computer was too expensive, was too bulky, cost too much, blah, blah, blah. 00:10:28.954 --> 00:10:37.464 But, if but if you had a control problem, for example, you would largely go with 00:10:37.465 --> 00:10:39.584 control problem and make a dedicated system. 00:10:39.985 --> 00:10:44.785 But now with the microprocessor, you could use software instead of hardware. 00:10:44.905 --> 00:10:53.074 So all of a sudden the way to use to design and use systems was completely changed. 00:10:53.085 --> 00:10:54.725 It took a few years, of course. 00:10:55.065 --> 00:11:01.235 But now you don't even think about developing a special hardware to do, to solve the problem. 00:11:01.355 --> 00:11:03.255 You only solve problems with software. 00:11:03.915 --> 00:11:08.925 The other things that happen is that because the, you could build a computer in a small 00:11:08.955 --> 00:11:17.895 printed circuit board, an entire computer and of course with Silicon Gate technology, you 00:11:17.895 --> 00:11:23.135 could look, we could do dynamic RAM, we could do non volatile memories that were a no with 00:11:23.135 --> 00:11:25.505 the previous technologies, we could do CCDs. 00:11:25.755 --> 00:11:30.495 So that technology allowed all the missing pieces to be done in a single chip. 00:11:30.495 --> 00:11:38.504 And so by 1978, we had a computer on a chip, meaning not only the CPU, called 00:11:39.395 --> 00:11:44.464 microprocessor, but also the memory, ROM, RAM, and IOT, programmable IOT. 00:11:44.464 --> 00:11:48.790 So those were the microcontrollers that changed the way Then we do test 00:11:48.790 --> 00:11:54.330 systems today, they, obviously, they ended up in pretty much any application. 00:11:55.940 --> 00:12:00.369 This enormous change allow, for example, the cell phone. 00:12:00.420 --> 00:12:04.400 The cell phone could not work if you didn't have a computer inside of it. 00:12:04.730 --> 00:12:10.520 And so you had to have a computer in all applications, in small boxes, using 00:12:10.650 --> 00:12:14.670 a little bit of power instead of a thousand watts or something like that. 00:12:14.770 --> 00:12:17.629 And with this technology. 00:12:17.880 --> 00:12:22.890 The future the applications that occur were enormous. 00:12:23.449 --> 00:12:28.945 Also m Ss technology lend itself to be reducing size. 00:12:29.215 --> 00:12:36.995 And so if if fuel, what is called the more Mors law, which is the doubling of the power 00:12:36.995 --> 00:12:43.885 of a chip every couple of years or so which is being driving the technology to deploy that. 00:12:43.885 --> 00:12:49.585 Today, advanced microprocessors had 50 billion transistors. 00:12:50.170 --> 00:12:59.280 Against the 20 23 50, perhaps, if I remember correctly, 52, that the 4,004 00:12:59.280 --> 00:13:01.809 that were drawn by hand by me had. 00:13:01.809 --> 00:13:04.520 And so that's a big change. 00:13:04.900 --> 00:13:11.129 And today, of course the impact of microprocessors. 00:13:11.385 --> 00:13:20.855 On the on, on all aspects of our life, communications were revolutionized 00:13:20.915 --> 00:13:26.295 with with with the microprocessor. 00:13:26.295 --> 00:13:30.904 The the personal computer changed the way that we use computers because they became 00:13:31.025 --> 00:13:33.944 personal as opposed to being shared devices. 00:13:34.345 --> 00:13:38.685 And the same happened with with the phone. 00:13:38.895 --> 00:13:41.985 It developed into the intelligent phones that we have today. 00:13:42.525 --> 00:13:44.954 That are really literally changing our life. 00:13:45.355 --> 00:13:51.455 So today we already had this, the threshold of a new change in technology, which is 00:13:51.455 --> 00:13:57.795 the use of artificial intelligence, which requires specialized microprocessor that are 00:13:58.245 --> 00:14:05.615 many hundreds of times faster though they're specialized, then the regular computers. 00:14:05.795 --> 00:14:11.355 We are, we're nearing the end of wars law because we had reached three nano features. 00:14:12.215 --> 00:14:18.650 Critical dimensions and three nanometers is essentially 30 atoms next to each other. 00:14:18.650 --> 00:14:25.720 So we are we're down to almost atomic scale and therefore we have we, we 00:14:25.720 --> 00:14:31.060 will have to use creativity and and new technologies which are coming. 00:14:31.640 --> 00:14:35.820 But I stop here because there will be many questions later. 00:14:35.850 --> 00:14:38.510 So I don't want to short the others. 00:14:39.650 --> 00:14:44.079 Thanks a lot and I definitely have a lot of questions and we'll get back to you Federico. 00:14:45.189 --> 00:14:47.949 WINT, please take it away. 00:14:50.364 --> 00:14:53.334 So thanks so much, everyone, for joining us today, and thanks, 00:14:53.334 --> 00:14:55.045 Federico, for setting the stage. 00:14:55.045 --> 00:15:02.424 It's perfect, because those low cost and small processors made it possible for us to develop 00:15:02.835 --> 00:15:06.725 communications technology, which is quite different from what the telephone system grew 00:15:06.725 --> 00:15:08.415 up on, which is called circuit switching. 00:15:09.145 --> 00:15:14.264 So in the late 60s, we started to explore an idea which had been around for a while, from 00:15:14.264 --> 00:15:16.385 the early 60s, and that's packet switching. 00:15:16.795 --> 00:15:20.865 Which makes the communications look like electronic postcards, but it only made sense if 00:15:20.865 --> 00:15:28.135 the computers that you use to write the run the packet switching software were cost effective. 00:15:29.444 --> 00:15:36.175 The early days of the ARPANET, which began in 1968 the first equipment showing up in 69. 00:15:36.520 --> 00:15:41.350 were run with many computers that were taking advantage of what Federico was just describing. 00:15:42.160 --> 00:15:46.330 We were able to start out with dedicated telephone circuits that connected those 00:15:46.450 --> 00:15:50.530 special purpose processors together and which interfaced to the host computers that 00:15:50.530 --> 00:15:52.530 had the actual applications running on them. 00:15:53.250 --> 00:15:57.639 The host computers over time have morphed into gigantic data centers that use billions of the 00:15:57.639 --> 00:16:00.059 kinds of chips that Federico was describing. 00:16:00.689 --> 00:16:05.860 And the communication systems have advanced from dedicated telephone circuits to mobile 00:16:05.860 --> 00:16:11.490 packet radio, which we had running in the Bay Area in the 1970s, 75, 76 timeframe. 00:16:12.160 --> 00:16:17.135 Geosynchronous satellites like Intelsat IV A, which we were running in the 19 late 00:16:17.145 --> 00:16:19.954 70s to support long distance communication. 00:16:19.954 --> 00:16:21.464 Again, all of this is packet switch. 00:16:21.765 --> 00:16:27.335 In 1973, Bob Metcalf at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center invents the Ethernet idea, which he 00:16:27.335 --> 00:16:33.185 gets from a radio based system in Hawaii called AlohaNet, where collisions are resolved by 00:16:33.194 --> 00:16:38.295 having a random delay and then you retransmit at random moments to avoid repeated collisions. 00:16:38.585 --> 00:16:44.465 Ethernet, of course, is morphed into what is now known as Wi Fi and simultaneously. 00:16:45.015 --> 00:16:47.545 With Marty Cooper's work, as you'll hear a bit more about. 00:16:47.604 --> 00:16:51.795 We had 2G and 3G, 4G, now 5G and 6G is coming. 00:16:52.435 --> 00:17:02.255 To say nothing of going from the geosynchronous satellites to MEO middle level satellites. 00:17:02.255 --> 00:17:06.724 And now many of you may already be using low Earth orbiting satellites, as 00:17:06.734 --> 00:17:08.474 you will find in the Starlink system. 00:17:09.294 --> 00:17:11.915 That's run by SpaceX. 00:17:11.935 --> 00:17:14.665 Over this period of time, several things have happened. 00:17:14.685 --> 00:17:15.675 One of them is that... 00:17:16.720 --> 00:17:22.020 The speeds and the scale of the system have gone up in this and often 00:17:22.089 --> 00:17:27.529 a consequence of the scaling of the computers that Federico was describing. 00:17:28.379 --> 00:17:32.580 The system has grown in the case of Internet when it was first started 00:17:32.890 --> 00:17:36.355 in 1973 it had only Three networks. 00:17:36.355 --> 00:17:41.175 It was the ARPANET, the packet radio net, mobile packet radio net, and the packet satellite net. 00:17:41.764 --> 00:17:46.355 By 1983, when we turned it on, 400 computers on the system. 00:17:46.785 --> 00:17:50.585 Today, there are billions of machines on the network, which spans the globe 00:17:51.325 --> 00:17:57.955 and reaches beyond the Earth in the low Earth orbit and larger orbit satellites. 00:17:58.435 --> 00:18:02.035 And we're not done yet because we're now going off planet. 00:18:02.065 --> 00:18:06.835 There is already work that's been going on since 1998 to expand Internet's 00:18:06.835 --> 00:18:08.625 operation across the solar system. 00:18:09.125 --> 00:18:14.854 New protocols have been required which lets me mention briefly that the layered 00:18:14.864 --> 00:18:19.415 architecture of the packet switched Internet allowed people to add new protocols at any new 00:18:19.425 --> 00:18:25.705 layer, add a new layer as Tim Berners Lee did when he invented the World Wide Web in 1991. 00:18:26.205 --> 00:18:32.625 Which was aggrandized by work at the National Center for Supercomputer Applications. 00:18:33.160 --> 00:18:37.910 With the Mosaic Browser, which eventually morphed into Netscape Communications in 00:18:37.910 --> 00:18:41.620 1994 and triggered the dot boom in 1995. 00:18:42.130 --> 00:18:47.639 So here we are, it's 2023, computers are everywhere, communications is 00:18:47.639 --> 00:18:51.230 everywhere, we're reliant on software that other people have written. 00:18:51.889 --> 00:18:53.480 And it is the time of both. 00:18:53.835 --> 00:18:58.085 Tremendous capability, to say nothing of artificial intelligence, 00:18:58.085 --> 00:19:00.115 which is also surrounding us. 00:19:00.375 --> 00:19:04.875 But it's also a time of great challenge, because a lot of these very powerful 00:19:04.875 --> 00:19:09.254 technologies allow people to do harmful things in the online environment. 00:19:10.379 --> 00:19:15.129 Trying to find ways of making the system safer and more secure while preserving all of the 00:19:15.129 --> 00:19:20.729 benefits that we watched it, watched emerge over the past 50 years of Internet's work. 00:19:20.979 --> 00:19:26.060 I'll stop there and hand off to I assume it's Marty is next. 00:19:27.329 --> 00:19:28.369 Yes, please Marty. 00:19:28.429 --> 00:19:31.300 Thank you very much. 00:19:31.300 --> 00:19:33.180 It's a glorious day in Del Mar. 00:19:33.780 --> 00:19:35.280 Erwin, have you looked outside? 00:19:35.280 --> 00:19:40.530 The sun's shining for the first time in two weeks, and I think that's an omen that 00:19:40.530 --> 00:19:45.669 is going to tell us a lot about what's happening in the next 50 years beyond 00:19:45.669 --> 00:19:48.010 what we've been talking about up till now. 00:19:48.700 --> 00:19:54.480 I'm going to spend a little bit of time talking about the history. 00:19:54.480 --> 00:19:59.820 I want to spend more time talking about what I think is going to happen in the future 00:20:00.139 --> 00:20:02.959 with this confluence of three technologies. 00:20:03.339 --> 00:20:09.460 That together have only started the revolution that's going to happen in the future. 00:20:09.460 --> 00:20:16.280 I think we're just learning how to use connectivity the ability to access all the 00:20:16.320 --> 00:20:23.130 information of mankind and to process that information in ways that make it useful for us. 00:20:23.170 --> 00:20:25.180 I think we're just beginning. 00:20:25.750 --> 00:20:30.350 But let me talk about the real beginning, and I have to go back more than 50 years. 00:20:30.600 --> 00:20:32.620 Let me go back 130 years. 00:20:33.209 --> 00:20:40.939 To the laboratory of Heinrich Hertz he is talking to this is at a 00:20:40.960 --> 00:20:46.290 university town in Germany, and he has several of his colleagues together. 00:20:46.290 --> 00:20:52.580 They're looking at this little wooden box with two little towers on it, and the towers 00:20:52.610 --> 00:21:01.185 on the top of the towers are these silver balls, and He pulls the drapes, he turns the 00:21:01.185 --> 00:21:10.155 gas light down, you must recognize that the light bulb hadn't been invented yet, and he 00:21:10.155 --> 00:21:14.134 connects the voltaic pile to this wooden box. 00:21:14.855 --> 00:21:17.465 Spark leaps between the two silver balls. 00:21:18.165 --> 00:21:26.385 Across the room, there is a circle of copper wire, how the spark appears. 00:21:26.939 --> 00:21:29.449 A small spark appears on this other wire. 00:21:29.749 --> 00:21:36.209 He has now demonstrated that Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism really works. 00:21:36.959 --> 00:21:42.109 The speed of light, these radio waves have gone across, I think they didn't have radio 00:21:42.110 --> 00:21:46.960 then, but these waves have gone across the room and caused this spark to occur. 00:21:48.379 --> 00:21:53.160 And Heinrich says, we have now demonstrated. 00:21:53.750 --> 00:21:58.629 that Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism works. 00:21:59.159 --> 00:22:03.589 He says, of course, it has no practical use, but it gives us something to 00:22:03.600 --> 00:22:05.190 work on for the next few years. 00:22:05.909 --> 00:22:12.304 A couple of years later barcoding, and I'm talking about our barcoding, and decides 00:22:12.304 --> 00:22:18.495 that maybe there is a practical use, and he does the exact same experiment, except 00:22:18.495 --> 00:22:23.924 in this case, he has a generator that puts out many kilowatts of electricity, and 00:22:23.975 --> 00:22:28.055 the spark turns out to be a lightning rod. 00:22:28.055 --> 00:22:28.554 Wow! 00:22:28.635 --> 00:22:29.025 Wow! 00:22:30.375 --> 00:22:34.005 I have the antenna he used. 00:22:34.939 --> 00:22:41.539 It was between telephone poles in Newfoundland, and if there were any birds sitting on those 00:22:41.570 --> 00:22:47.279 wires on the telephone poles, they became immediate toast, because we were putting 00:22:47.329 --> 00:22:53.990 kilowatts of energy, literally a lightning bolt, and sure enough, 3, 000 miles away 00:22:53.990 --> 00:23:06.445 in the British Isles, we detect the blip of sound, and he has created the concept of radio. 00:23:07.134 --> 00:23:11.855 Of course Marconi did this. 00:23:13.185 --> 00:23:16.765 There is some dispute about whether Tesla did this at the same time. 00:23:17.345 --> 00:23:19.225 Tesla was in the U. 00:23:19.225 --> 00:23:21.335 S., Marconi was in Britain. 00:23:22.360 --> 00:23:28.300 In Russia, a guy named Popov is celebrated as having invented the radio. 00:23:28.680 --> 00:23:30.690 In India, it's a guy named Bose. 00:23:30.940 --> 00:23:32.699 So we really don't know who invented radio. 00:23:32.700 --> 00:23:37.819 It's not important, because this started a revolution. 00:23:38.329 --> 00:23:46.420 Where Marconi started a company, within months they had saved a thousand people from dying at 00:23:46.420 --> 00:23:52.130 the sinking of the Titanic, and the next thing you know, we have radio, we have television. 00:23:52.610 --> 00:24:04.490 In 1947 Bell Labs announces that they, or, actually two Bell Labs researchers 00:24:05.080 --> 00:24:13.590 write a paper about how we can ma multiply the capacity of the radio spectrum by 00:24:13.590 --> 00:24:22.270 using a distribution of of radio signals. 00:24:22.600 --> 00:24:25.170 In a pattern of circles. 00:24:25.910 --> 00:24:31.990 They didn't know that the radio waves had not been educated yet to stay within these 00:24:31.990 --> 00:24:34.939 circles, but somehow the system did end up. 00:24:35.610 --> 00:24:41.295 Being workable, but they also decided that there was no practical use for this. 00:24:41.295 --> 00:24:48.205 Now they put it into a filing cabinet, 22 yarders, and later AT& T. 00:24:48.605 --> 00:24:54.285 Remember AT& T the Bell System, the monopoly that ran all our telephones? 00:24:54.705 --> 00:24:59.405 They decided that the time was ready to do this, and they announced that they were gonna 00:24:59.745 --> 00:25:02.945 come up with a new system of car telephones. 00:25:02.945 --> 00:25:05.014 And they had to engage. 00:25:05.560 --> 00:25:13.920 A consulting company and the consulting company told them, I forget whether it was 00:25:13.920 --> 00:25:23.369 Ernst Young or Deloitte that the ultimate market for this new device, this car telephone 00:25:23.810 --> 00:25:31.985 that the Bell System was gonna produce It was about a million telephones in the whole world, 00:25:32.645 --> 00:25:34.115 that there would never be more than that. 00:25:34.695 --> 00:25:42.754 And believe it or not, they were right, because there were, in the history of mobile 00:25:42.754 --> 00:25:49.595 telephone, there were, the maximum number of car telephones that ever existed was the order 00:25:49.595 --> 00:25:56.625 of a million in the whole world, because My colleagues and I at Motorola decided that the 00:25:56.655 --> 00:25:59.365 world was ready for personal communications. 00:25:59.395 --> 00:26:04.004 People didn't want to call a car, they didn't want to call a house, as they 00:26:04.004 --> 00:26:05.965 had been doing for a hundred years. 00:26:06.455 --> 00:26:13.895 They wanted to call a person, and we created the very first personal portable telephone. 00:26:14.265 --> 00:26:18.115 An example which I have here, and Yasaman has already described it, 00:26:18.125 --> 00:26:20.365 so I will go just further into that. 00:26:21.235 --> 00:26:25.445 Today, there are 8 billion people in the world. 00:26:25.874 --> 00:26:29.965 There are more than 8 billion cell phones. 00:26:31.235 --> 00:26:34.975 By the way, I don't know why we call it a cell phone, but it had to be because 00:26:34.984 --> 00:26:37.235 the cell system created this thing. 00:26:38.915 --> 00:26:43.685 This device that we use today is not a phone, and it has nothing to do with cells, 00:26:43.735 --> 00:26:45.075 because the cells didn't work anyway. 00:26:46.255 --> 00:26:54.195 But there are more people, using cell phones today more than half the people 00:26:54.195 --> 00:26:56.055 in the world are using cell phones. 00:26:56.694 --> 00:27:01.564 I believe we have just barely learned how to use this device. 00:27:01.905 --> 00:27:06.744 We're just on the cusp of several real revolutions. 00:27:07.304 --> 00:27:14.235 And I just want to mention by name, I can't go into detail healthcare. 00:27:14.909 --> 00:27:18.810 We now have sensors that we can put on a person's body that can 00:27:18.820 --> 00:27:20.580 measure virtually everything. 00:27:21.030 --> 00:27:29.709 Not only your pulse, your your blood pressure, your almost everything now. 00:27:29.939 --> 00:27:33.260 We are learning every day how to put more sensors on. 00:27:33.679 --> 00:27:37.510 These sensors can communicate with a central computer. 00:27:38.000 --> 00:27:42.520 You can do a physical examination, not every year or every five years. 00:27:43.020 --> 00:27:48.680 But every minute, and there is the potential of sensing a disease 00:27:48.710 --> 00:27:51.040 before it really becomes a disease. 00:27:51.400 --> 00:27:54.570 And if we can do that, we can zap these diseases and stop them. 00:27:55.129 --> 00:28:00.010 There is the potential in the long range to eliminate the whole idea of disease. 00:28:00.010 --> 00:28:01.470 We're not going to have disease. 00:28:02.919 --> 00:28:11.389 The major use of this new device, the ability to access all the information in 00:28:11.419 --> 00:28:15.990 the world, is to improve productivity, and we are doing that in space. 00:28:16.550 --> 00:28:17.500 We are... 00:28:18.780 --> 00:28:24.155 Countries in Africa, the United Nations determined that over a period 00:28:24.165 --> 00:28:30.925 of 20 to 25 years that a billion people moved out of severe poverty. 00:28:31.264 --> 00:28:32.305 They're still poor. 00:28:33.244 --> 00:28:36.605 Their productivity brought on by the ability to connect. 00:28:37.085 --> 00:28:44.485 Has virtually eliminated severe poverty in Africa, and when you extrapolate that 00:28:44.525 --> 00:28:50.184 still further, there is a potential to totally eliminate productivity completely. 00:28:50.605 --> 00:28:54.975 And the most important revolution I think that's going to happen When we put all 00:28:55.005 --> 00:28:57.355 these things together, it's an education. 00:28:58.125 --> 00:29:04.394 The idea of a teacher giving a lecture to a bunch of students, each of whom has 00:29:04.445 --> 00:29:09.675 access to all the knowledge of the world, more than the teacher knows, is ludicrous. 00:29:10.085 --> 00:29:15.094 The education system is going to change, it's going to take advantage of the 00:29:15.094 --> 00:29:20.965 fact that students will have full time access to the Internet, not just when 00:29:21.005 --> 00:29:23.395 they're in school, but everywhere. 00:29:24.015 --> 00:29:30.810 And somehow or other, the education system is going to transform into a system 00:29:30.810 --> 00:29:33.100 where people are learning all the time. 00:29:33.540 --> 00:29:37.820 Our children, the students, are going to be a lot smarter than we are. 00:29:38.290 --> 00:29:45.199 And the world that I see in the future is one where poverty it doesn't exist anymore, where 00:29:45.199 --> 00:29:47.639 people are smart enough not to ever go to war. 00:29:48.250 --> 00:29:54.130 That's my vision of the future, and I challenge you to challenge my vision. 00:29:54.700 --> 00:29:55.450 Thank you very much. 00:29:56.400 --> 00:29:57.150 Thanks a lot. 00:29:57.189 --> 00:29:57.920 Thanks a lot, everyone. 00:29:58.870 --> 00:30:01.360 I want to go back almost 50 years ago. 00:30:01.449 --> 00:30:07.610 Maybe the day that Federico, you tested the first 4. 00:30:07.610 --> 00:30:07.930 0. 00:30:07.930 --> 00:30:09.330 4 and it worked. 00:30:09.340 --> 00:30:14.720 The day that you developed the first TCP/IP protocol. 00:30:14.720 --> 00:30:19.490 Then you submitted the paper, or Marty, the day that you developed the first 00:30:19.490 --> 00:30:26.200 prototype, how much of this transformative technology were you predicting back then? 00:30:26.590 --> 00:30:33.045 Were you predicting that this is the big deal that is gonna transform the way that being live? 00:30:33.155 --> 00:30:39.445 And as the technology evolved, What surprised you the most about your own innovation? 00:30:42.095 --> 00:30:45.065 Do you have an order that you want to do this in? 00:30:45.695 --> 00:30:48.685 No, I think whoever wants to go first. 00:30:48.685 --> 00:30:50.805 Marty just jumped in, so go ahead, Marty. 00:30:51.315 --> 00:30:51.475 Oh, 00:30:51.475 --> 00:30:57.615 I only jumped in because I couldn't quite hear what Yasaman was saying, so why don't 00:30:57.665 --> 00:31:00.945 you start, but repeat Yasaman's challenge. 00:31:01.785 --> 00:31:07.815 Okay, so basically she's saying when we did some of these early took these early steps, did 00:31:07.815 --> 00:31:10.345 we have any idea what was coming as a result? 00:31:10.855 --> 00:31:14.294 And what have we been surprised about? 00:31:15.504 --> 00:31:19.964 My surprises in the internet world came in two forms. 00:31:19.974 --> 00:31:27.520 The first one comes when I realize that this is a potentially commercial system 00:31:28.010 --> 00:31:29.740 that might reach the general public. 00:31:29.740 --> 00:31:33.630 Because the original work was done for the Defense Department in order 00:31:33.630 --> 00:31:39.209 to design and build a command and control communication system for the U. 00:31:39.230 --> 00:31:39.490 S. 00:31:39.519 --> 00:31:41.240 military and for its allies. 00:31:41.745 --> 00:31:46.985 And that's what the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency charged Bob Kahn and me to do. 00:31:47.765 --> 00:31:53.445 And to integrate a number of different kinds of radio based and wire based 00:31:53.874 --> 00:31:58.645 communication technologies into a common and broad global spanning Internet. 00:31:59.724 --> 00:32:03.794 But the fact that it might be of commercial interest doesn't really strike 00:32:03.795 --> 00:32:09.655 me until 1988 when I walked into the Moscone Center in San Francisco and saw 00:32:09.655 --> 00:32:17.195 25,000 people looking at internet based equipment, software, and applications, and 00:32:17.195 --> 00:32:21.295 realizing that there must, somebody thinks they're going to make money out of this. 00:32:21.305 --> 00:32:27.014 So then I was thinking how do we build an, essentially, a, an economic engine 00:32:27.015 --> 00:32:30.094 to, to sustain its use and growth? 00:32:30.815 --> 00:32:34.455 So that was the first surprise, was realizing that it might be commercializable. 00:32:34.845 --> 00:32:38.295 At that point, there was hardware and software that was being sold, but the service 00:32:38.295 --> 00:32:43.125 wasn't available until the following year, 1989, when three commercial services popped 00:32:43.125 --> 00:32:47.064 up in the US, UUNet, PSINet, and SURFnet. 00:32:47.705 --> 00:32:49.445 The next big surprise comes... 00:32:49.825 --> 00:32:54.050 When Tim Berners Lee announces the World Wide Web in December of 91. 00:32:55.070 --> 00:32:59.149 And at that point, nobody noticed, except for the guys at the National Center for 00:32:59.150 --> 00:33:04.860 Supercomputer Applications, and they said, Oh, this is a nice text based search engine 00:33:05.290 --> 00:33:12.120 or, but, browser, but what if we made it a graphical interface, a graphical user interface? 00:33:12.130 --> 00:33:15.980 So they invent the Mosaic browser, and suddenly the Internet looks like a magazine. 00:33:15.980 --> 00:33:17.690 Everybody downloads Mosaic. 00:33:18.265 --> 00:33:22.015 Browser, and suddenly the World Wide Web becomes very visible. 00:33:22.475 --> 00:33:32.095 to a great many people, but it wasn't it wasn't until the, that technology was commercialized at 00:33:32.105 --> 00:33:37.565 Netscape Communications that we started seeing people, for the sheer joy of sharing what they 00:33:37.565 --> 00:33:43.585 knew, creating web pages, many of them manually writing their own HTML code, until finally 00:33:43.585 --> 00:33:48.205 applications were developed to make it much easier to design, build, and deploy a web page. 00:33:49.920 --> 00:33:53.950 So the early and mid 1990s were a big surprise for me. 00:33:54.260 --> 00:33:58.750 So much information flowed into what we call the World Wide Web that nobody could find anything, 00:33:58.750 --> 00:34:00.630 which drove the need for search engines. 00:34:01.180 --> 00:34:04.800 Some of which many of you will remember, AltaVista, Yahoo, 00:34:04.870 --> 00:34:07.180 Google in 1998, and Bing later. 00:34:07.850 --> 00:34:12.330 All of which we use, many of us, every single day, many times a day. 00:34:12.890 --> 00:34:18.490 And then the next thing hits, and that's 2007 when the smartphone 00:34:18.500 --> 00:34:20.669 arrives in the form of the iPhone. 00:34:20.669 --> 00:34:24.780 And up until that point, Marty's work and the work of the Internet had 00:34:24.780 --> 00:34:26.494 proceeded more or less in parallel. 00:34:27.095 --> 00:34:32.295 But by creating a device that had a computer, multiple radios, a touch sensitive screen, 00:34:32.705 --> 00:34:41.714 a camera, a speaker, and a microphone, the invention collapsed an enormous number of 00:34:41.714 --> 00:34:43.845 functionalities into a handheld device. 00:34:44.415 --> 00:34:50.815 And suddenly, the mobile smartphone becomes the way you get to the Internet. 00:34:51.285 --> 00:34:55.555 And the Internet is the Internet gives the smartphone access to 00:34:55.555 --> 00:34:58.715 literally millions of applications and all the content on the Internet. 00:34:58.735 --> 00:35:02.465 This is a hypergolic mutually reinforcing environment. 00:35:02.945 --> 00:35:06.495 So those were the things that really surprised me, and of course I'm expecting 00:35:06.495 --> 00:35:12.050 to be surprised again, assuming Marty's vision of the future materializes. 00:35:15.370 --> 00:35:17.870 Federico, you go first and I'll finish it. 00:35:18.940 --> 00:35:19.230 All right. 00:35:20.140 --> 00:35:27.650 To me the surprise was the, how fast microprocessors were adopted. 00:35:29.070 --> 00:35:37.390 When I did this work, the first applications that we could see were of course calculating 00:35:37.390 --> 00:35:39.420 machines because those were obvious. 00:35:40.490 --> 00:35:45.920 And it was, the first microprocessor was designed explicitly for a customer that 00:35:45.920 --> 00:35:48.939 was making a family of calculators with it. 00:35:49.630 --> 00:35:56.800 But I saw that control applications were the next batch because in those days, 00:35:58.510 --> 00:36:02.820 to control anything would be costly if you have to design a special system, a 00:36:02.820 --> 00:36:10.100 dedicated system, and only, you can only sell, 100 or 1, 000 of those systems. 00:36:10.800 --> 00:36:13.910 So the cost of developing the hardware would be prohibited. 00:36:14.320 --> 00:36:19.340 And that was the first application that Intel went after. 00:36:20.050 --> 00:36:25.790 After I showed that, that family could really be effective for Control application. 00:36:25.790 --> 00:36:28.340 So that was the beginning. 00:36:28.990 --> 00:36:35.970 At that time, also, the technology had begun, the Moore's Law had begun to be 00:36:36.250 --> 00:36:44.940 understood, especially in terms of what do we need to do to drive the car, so to speak. 00:36:45.330 --> 00:36:54.620 And and by reducing the size of transistors in a sort of a, almost a predictable way... 00:36:54.945 --> 00:37:02.265 We were able for the next 40 years to double the number of transistors in and in, in, 00:37:02.265 --> 00:37:12.155 and double the speed almost regularly to the point where, we had transistors that you could 00:37:12.160 --> 00:37:19.285 have a microprocessor that would run 2, 3, 4 gigahertz, which, if you had asked me, I 00:37:19.285 --> 00:37:26.330 thought it were, it was not possible because at that time, the eyes of the transistor 00:37:26.330 --> 00:37:30.859 would have to be so small that I didn't think we could have been able to do it. 00:37:31.689 --> 00:37:37.850 But in fact using, using a special lithography equipment that was blew 00:37:37.940 --> 00:37:40.560 my mind really when I saw them. 00:37:41.400 --> 00:37:45.980 We could go down to a micron and keep on going. 00:37:46.400 --> 00:37:53.580 To the point where today we have chips that have one trillion transistors. 00:37:54.890 --> 00:38:03.360 Those are the the flash memory technology chips that we use routinely 00:38:03.769 --> 00:38:05.390 without even pay attention to. 00:38:05.660 --> 00:38:10.520 But those chips are made by making of the order of a hundred layers of 00:38:10.540 --> 00:38:12.340 transistors, one on top of each other. 00:38:12.520 --> 00:38:14.710 So it's an unbelievable technology. 00:38:15.295 --> 00:38:19.585 But we tend not to pay attention to that because we simply use the technology. 00:38:20.085 --> 00:38:28.745 But the again, would I have imagined that we could do that in 50 years ago? 00:38:28.855 --> 00:38:29.855 Absolutely not. 00:38:30.155 --> 00:38:41.404 To me to me, the personal computer that became a, also an instant success in some ways. 00:38:41.745 --> 00:38:49.645 And created the background where millions of people could have, access to a computer 00:38:50.015 --> 00:38:56.604 were foundational because that allow, that allowed them to do all these services, 00:38:56.774 --> 00:39:01.524 allow internet to become a real, a real market as opposed to a curiosity. 00:39:01.774 --> 00:39:07.185 So it was the the baseline of personal computers that allow them. 00:39:07.825 --> 00:39:13.620 Internet to be, to become very effective and it became a virtual cycle, more, 00:39:14.190 --> 00:39:21.890 more computers, more better, better chips, more computer more applications. 00:39:21.910 --> 00:39:27.590 And to me, the Internet, And not as a technology, because that was very clear 00:39:27.590 --> 00:39:30.120 that, that it could be done and all that. 00:39:30.400 --> 00:39:36.080 But as the new applications that nobody had thought about, search engines, 00:39:37.560 --> 00:39:44.610 being able to bet on, betting games. 00:39:44.610 --> 00:39:48.900 You name it or or I forgot now the name of the company. 00:39:49.510 --> 00:39:51.140 Because they come and go. 00:39:51.550 --> 00:39:57.280 But but basically applications that I would've never imagined were really 00:39:59.260 --> 00:40:01.960 happening every month, something new. 00:40:02.270 --> 00:40:09.310 So for me this technology has had many surprises. 00:40:09.640 --> 00:40:18.800 And finally in in the artificial intelligence back in in 1986, A company, 00:40:18.800 --> 00:40:23.330 Synaptics, where we wanted, I wanted to make chips that learn by themselves. 00:40:23.520 --> 00:40:28.450 So using floating gate transistors and being able to use neural networks. 00:40:28.720 --> 00:40:34.050 I was able to show that worked, but the amount of computation necessary 00:40:34.050 --> 00:40:36.329 was just not there in those days. 00:40:36.650 --> 00:40:41.940 But that technology was a technology that now we find applied everywhere. 00:40:42.275 --> 00:40:45.735 with the, with chips that make trillions of multiplications per second. 00:40:46.125 --> 00:40:48.425 And in that technology. 00:40:49.630 --> 00:40:54.670 Also came out of the same basic movement that we have seen. 00:40:55.010 --> 00:41:05.180 And as I look ahead, I see applications that go way beyond what the technology that we 00:41:05.199 --> 00:41:11.840 have, that the technology that we have will allow to develop the technology of the future. 00:41:12.350 --> 00:41:19.210 For example, the fact that we have transistors that switch. 00:41:19.830 --> 00:41:23.800 Using power that is much, much more than the brain uses. 00:41:24.690 --> 00:41:30.440 It uses about 1 billion less watts per switching. 00:41:30.719 --> 00:41:38.309 And so that, that is an incredible, it's a proof of principle that we need to learn from. 00:41:38.530 --> 00:41:42.960 Today, the chips for AI, some chips dissipate 400 watts. 00:41:43.190 --> 00:41:44.150 So that's crazy. 00:41:44.480 --> 00:41:47.740 How can you use chips of that, for 400 watts? 00:41:48.400 --> 00:41:57.330 We are back to where we started with computers that, that dissipated kilowatts but but life is 00:41:57.450 --> 00:42:01.540 showing us biology, showing us ways of doing it. 00:42:02.880 --> 00:42:06.870 The one, two computers to actually do a simulation and learn our life 00:42:06.930 --> 00:42:10.050 really, and that we may return to that. 00:42:12.470 --> 00:42:13.070 Wonderful. 00:42:13.100 --> 00:42:13.760 Thanks a lot. 00:42:13.760 --> 00:42:16.750 There you go, Marty. 00:42:16.780 --> 00:42:21.900 First of all, I appreciate the being the last speaker and this, that question 00:42:21.900 --> 00:42:26.970 because then I could explain whatever all the previous speakers meant to say. 00:42:27.750 --> 00:42:43.740 But we knew back in 1973 that The cell phone was going to be a popular device. 00:42:43.790 --> 00:42:49.100 The story we told was that someday when you were born, you would be assigned a phone number. 00:42:49.360 --> 00:42:51.230 If you didn't answer the phone, you had died. 00:42:52.040 --> 00:42:56.580 We had no idea that you could put a digital camera. 00:42:57.060 --> 00:43:01.685 Inside a cell phone, because a digital camera had been invented, and the Internet 00:43:01.745 --> 00:43:07.525 had been invented before, and the processor did not exist, so how could you do 00:43:07.525 --> 00:43:10.154 all this stuff that we're doing today? 00:43:10.525 --> 00:43:17.065 So all of those things are a big surprise, but the big surprises are yet to come. 00:43:17.405 --> 00:43:19.595 I think that the cell phone today is... 00:43:20.055 --> 00:43:21.965 Terribly suboptimal. 00:43:23.115 --> 00:43:27.985 Just think about it, if we you want to talk to somebody, you hold the phone up 00:43:27.985 --> 00:43:36.574 to your ear in this awkward position you have what we call apps, applications. 00:43:37.034 --> 00:43:39.144 There are four million applications. 00:43:39.610 --> 00:43:40.490 Available to you. 00:43:40.550 --> 00:43:42.610 Now, how do you pick the one that you're going to use? 00:43:44.130 --> 00:43:48.389 At at least, the cell phone of the future is going to be very different 00:43:48.390 --> 00:43:51.800 from the one we have today, and we're going to have all kinds of surprises. 00:43:52.310 --> 00:43:56.220 Certainly there will be an artificial intelligence. 00:43:56.560 --> 00:44:02.499 The cell phone is going to be an extension of your personality, and not some guy at Apple or 00:44:02.499 --> 00:44:08.815 Samsung who decides what your The cell phone is going to be this artificial intelligence 00:44:08.815 --> 00:44:16.654 that will analyze your behavior and find the right apps to make your life better, or 00:44:16.724 --> 00:44:19.425 perhaps it will create the apps by itself. 00:44:20.015 --> 00:44:29.455 But the whole principle of the future of cellular telephony is improving. 00:44:30.080 --> 00:44:33.730 Humanity, improving the human experience. 00:44:34.860 --> 00:44:39.890 We are doing a lot of very interesting things in the Internet of Things. 00:44:40.330 --> 00:44:42.900 I don't object to working on the Internet of Things. 00:44:43.310 --> 00:44:47.609 But we haven't yet finished the Internet of People, and I hope 00:44:47.980 --> 00:44:49.469 that we work very hard at that. 00:44:49.470 --> 00:44:53.440 And Adam, if you're listening to me, I know you are. 00:44:53.770 --> 00:44:55.890 I hope you take that personally. 00:44:56.535 --> 00:45:07.075 But I think we had a some wonderful experience to be had in the future of cellular telephony. 00:45:08.485 --> 00:45:08.945 Great. 00:45:08.945 --> 00:45:09.545 Thanks. 00:45:09.564 --> 00:45:11.465 I see a lot of questions in the chat. 00:45:11.855 --> 00:45:13.075 Please keep them coming. 00:45:13.545 --> 00:45:16.524 I see a question by Dennis. 00:45:16.544 --> 00:45:20.485 I want to rephrase it with Dennis permission a little bit. 00:45:21.945 --> 00:45:23.945 Oh, Vint, your hand is... 00:45:24.525 --> 00:45:30.225 Yes I wanted to respond to to Marty for just a second because the power of the 00:45:30.225 --> 00:45:33.225 Internet is indeed the people who use it. 00:45:33.705 --> 00:45:38.165 The same argument can be made for the mobile phone and all the computers that 00:45:38.165 --> 00:45:40.505 people like Federico have developed. 00:45:40.984 --> 00:45:44.635 The problem that we have, of course, is that not everybody has everyone 00:45:44.725 --> 00:45:46.165 else's best interests at heart. 00:45:46.285 --> 00:45:48.545 And so we're seeing these powerful tools. 00:45:49.005 --> 00:45:53.135 being used in a variety of ways, some of which are, in fact, quite harmful. 00:45:53.805 --> 00:45:57.315 There's, of course, this huge conversation going on right now about artificial 00:45:57.315 --> 00:46:00.985 intelligence and machine learning and various applications that arise from it, 00:46:01.445 --> 00:46:06.544 and the potential hazards that the use of these large language models might pose. 00:46:07.004 --> 00:46:11.295 And so the real problem we have right now, in addition to any technological 00:46:11.315 --> 00:46:16.505 challenges, is figuring out how to hold accountable bad behavior. 00:46:17.180 --> 00:46:22.020 How to do that on a, on an international scale while at the same time preserving 00:46:22.050 --> 00:46:28.140 all of the value that we have seen already realized with the systems that we have 00:46:28.150 --> 00:46:33.799 today as primitive as they might seem to be looking from the 50 years in the future. 00:46:34.259 --> 00:46:39.780 So we need sociologists and psychologists and anthropologists and people who 00:46:39.780 --> 00:46:41.650 are concerned about legal structures. 00:46:43.320 --> 00:46:45.860 We need people who deal with people. 00:46:46.420 --> 00:46:49.400 And understand, how it is that we... 00:46:49.800 --> 00:46:54.725 Accept certain behavioral norms in exchange for certain benefits. 00:46:54.735 --> 00:46:58.345 That's the social contract that Rousseau talked about many years ago. 00:46:59.075 --> 00:47:03.904 So the challenges here are not only with the technologists, they're also with people 00:47:03.904 --> 00:47:06.225 who help shape the way societies work. 00:47:06.995 --> 00:47:12.125 We need to help as technologists to reinforce tools that will allow those solutions to 00:47:12.125 --> 00:47:18.125 be implemented, but we are not the sole parties that can solve all the problems. 00:47:18.125 --> 00:47:19.785 We have a much broader agenda. 00:47:20.115 --> 00:47:27.065 And a much broader need for smart sociological steps that need to be taken. 00:47:27.065 --> 00:47:30.835 And at the UN and the International Telecommunications Union and elsewhere, 00:47:30.835 --> 00:47:34.695 we're seeing all of these debates going on, which are aimed at trying 00:47:34.695 --> 00:47:36.825 to cope with some of those challenges. 00:47:36.890 --> 00:47:37.010 Great. 00:47:40.420 --> 00:47:40.690 Great. 00:47:40.960 --> 00:47:42.340 Thanks man. 00:47:42.430 --> 00:47:49.030 So the question coming from Dennis is what are the biggest technology and societal challenges? 00:47:49.035 --> 00:47:55.890 I guess wind already alluded to it so I wanna make it more specific. 00:47:55.890 --> 00:47:59.760 For example, for Federico, you mentioned the Moores lines ending, right? 00:48:00.090 --> 00:48:01.620 So what is gonna be. 00:48:01.860 --> 00:48:03.570 Coming after that, what is next? 00:48:03.610 --> 00:48:04.810 Are we prepared for it? 00:48:05.460 --> 00:48:09.580 What is going to be the challenges we're going to have to solve in the 00:48:09.580 --> 00:48:12.620 chip technology in the next 10 years? 00:48:13.500 --> 00:48:20.405 Vint, you mentioned dealing with the bad players and ensuring that The 00:48:20.425 --> 00:48:23.475 security of the Internet is preserved. 00:48:24.865 --> 00:48:28.085 What are your thoughts on digital divide and making sure the 00:48:28.105 --> 00:48:30.085 Internet is accessible to everyone? 00:48:31.185 --> 00:48:37.344 And then for Marty, I know you work a lot on a spectrum management and 00:48:37.344 --> 00:48:38.884 cellular system as well, right? 00:48:39.185 --> 00:48:44.515 And as we have more and more of these devices, billion of IoT devices and cell 00:48:44.535 --> 00:48:47.554 phones, we know that the spectrum blows up. 00:48:47.895 --> 00:48:51.375 Below six gigahertz is getting more and more crowded, right? 00:48:51.605 --> 00:48:58.115 And of course, we're not optimizing the spectrum as, as much as we can, right? 00:48:58.475 --> 00:49:04.084 Do you think by optimizing the spectrum and do a better job in a spectrum management, 00:49:04.105 --> 00:49:07.954 the problem is gonna be solved, or do we need to explore higher bands, millimeter 00:49:07.954 --> 00:49:09.025 weighted, mid band, even sub parahedral? 00:49:11.775 --> 00:49:16.275 So these are three specific questions, but the underlying theme is what are the 00:49:16.275 --> 00:49:20.625 main challenges to be solved in the next 10 years in each of the innovations. 00:49:21.745 --> 00:49:25.344 Federico, if you want to take the first shot. 00:49:26.045 --> 00:49:26.835 All right. 00:49:27.225 --> 00:49:38.225 The, obviously there is not much room left with the current technology in 00:49:38.225 --> 00:49:41.705 reducing the size of transistors. 00:49:41.705 --> 00:49:50.125 Because we, we think that it would be almost impossible to get to one nanometer, that's 00:49:50.235 --> 00:49:57.945 10 atoms, because if you, when you say 10 atoms, that's a line, wide 10 atoms, but, 00:49:58.385 --> 00:50:03.175 plus or minus one atom it's it's crazy. 00:50:04.145 --> 00:50:07.060 So we are already at three. 00:50:07.100 --> 00:50:12.110 And so we need to become smarter in the way we use the technology. 00:50:12.110 --> 00:50:13.869 We need to be more creative. 00:50:14.359 --> 00:50:21.499 In the past we had brute force the entire system, the entire process by, If we can 00:50:21.705 --> 00:50:29.095 quickly reduce the size by a factor of two, then we have four times the, the power. 00:50:29.235 --> 00:50:34.705 And that strategy no longer works, so we have to become clever. 00:50:35.475 --> 00:50:41.064 But there is going to be an end to that game and the appetite for computational 00:50:41.134 --> 00:50:48.355 power, especially for power, to use low power, is enormous because, as I mentioned 00:50:48.395 --> 00:50:53.240 earlier, many of the applications that we are talking about today You know, gobble up 00:50:53.940 --> 00:50:58.460 gazillions, of multiplications per second. 00:50:58.900 --> 00:51:03.130 And so where do we go? 00:51:03.189 --> 00:51:09.010 Now there is the promise of one end of quantum computation where you have 00:51:09.490 --> 00:51:11.819 entangled quantum bits as opposed to... 00:51:12.510 --> 00:51:19.950 Classical bits that are the the exploited, the computation, which a allows you to do parallel, 00:51:20.900 --> 00:51:24.740 parallel computation, which can be, ordered. 00:51:24.740 --> 00:51:28.370 Many orders are made to faster than what we can do with classical computers. 00:51:28.700 --> 00:51:30.570 But quantum computers have two problems. 00:51:30.570 --> 00:51:38.090 One is that they have to work at near absolute zero temperature minus 273. 00:51:38.820 --> 00:51:39.760 Centigrade. 00:51:40.670 --> 00:51:43.230 So that's a tough thing to do. 00:51:43.420 --> 00:51:46.070 And of course they, you can not have one of those in your pocket. 00:51:46.420 --> 00:51:52.840 And so they can be a service through, the, through the web through some 00:51:52.930 --> 00:51:57.380 cloud computing service for people that want to use this type of computers. 00:51:58.920 --> 00:52:02.700 And the other problem is that they are not general purpose. 00:52:02.740 --> 00:52:08.730 They, there are only, a handful of algorithms now that can use 00:52:08.770 --> 00:52:10.470 the power of quantum computation. 00:52:10.820 --> 00:52:17.290 And so there is a lot of work to do, but I think work fundamental because it's going 00:52:17.290 --> 00:52:21.219 to teach what is quantum physics say. 00:52:21.595 --> 00:52:26.895 Nobody understands quantum physics today and nobody understands why 00:52:27.105 --> 00:52:30.545 quantum objects are entangled. 00:52:30.715 --> 00:52:34.994 Scientists have been fighting over this for, 80 years. 00:52:34.994 --> 00:52:41.465 And finally they have to to concede that there is this non local property of 00:52:41.515 --> 00:52:43.725 reality, which is called entanglement. 00:52:44.215 --> 00:52:46.095 No time to display what it is. 00:52:46.335 --> 00:52:50.235 But the point is that we have something here. 00:52:50.525 --> 00:52:57.555 Which is so revolutionary and something that actually explains why life is 00:52:57.555 --> 00:52:59.955 actually not a classical phenomenon. 00:53:00.165 --> 00:53:02.835 It's a one, two and classical phenomenon. 00:53:03.015 --> 00:53:07.865 And this is an area where I've been working for many years and is an area 00:53:08.435 --> 00:53:12.375 that promise to explain who we are. 00:53:12.475 --> 00:53:13.365 Who are we? 00:53:13.395 --> 00:53:18.105 Are we machines driven by the principle of the survival of the fittest, 00:53:18.455 --> 00:53:20.465 if that is what we believe we are. 00:53:20.790 --> 00:53:27.640 We are in deep trouble because the survival of the fittest means war and the fact that 00:53:27.660 --> 00:53:30.129 we are machines means there is no hope. 00:53:30.580 --> 00:53:33.479 When the machine breaks, we do not exist anymore. 00:53:33.690 --> 00:53:39.130 So the problem of consciousness, the problem of free will, The fundamental problems that 00:53:39.130 --> 00:53:45.160 are at the basis, of the inequality that we see in the world, because that inequality 00:53:45.170 --> 00:53:49.749 is not a technological problem, it's a human problem, it's a problem of the heart. 00:53:50.289 --> 00:53:54.280 That is the problem that needs to be solved, and that goes beyond 00:53:54.280 --> 00:53:58.390 technology, and that requires our heart. 00:54:01.620 --> 00:54:02.150 Wow, 00:54:03.470 --> 00:54:05.000 That was a strong message. 00:54:05.000 --> 00:54:06.170 Thanks a lot, Verico. 00:54:08.530 --> 00:54:09.970 Marty, do you want to go next? 00:54:10.470 --> 00:54:10.870 Sure. 00:54:11.860 --> 00:54:16.930 That was a wonderful comment, Federico. 00:54:16.960 --> 00:54:21.539 I don't know how we define the heart of technology, but I think 00:54:21.540 --> 00:54:22.460 we're going to work it out. 00:54:23.040 --> 00:54:29.609 But there is a myth that Spectrum is like beachfront property. 00:54:30.450 --> 00:54:33.310 You use it up, and there isn't any more. 00:54:34.040 --> 00:54:34.610 And yet... 00:54:35.115 --> 00:54:39.945 The capacity of the spectrum from the time Marconi did his first transmissions, 00:54:40.465 --> 00:54:47.895 when he transmitted from Newfoundland to the British Isles, there could only be 00:54:47.925 --> 00:54:54.835 in the entire world, maybe four or five Simultaneous conversations, otherwise they 00:54:54.835 --> 00:54:56.265 would have interfered with each other. 00:54:57.465 --> 00:55:00.275 I did an analysis of where we are today. 00:55:00.675 --> 00:55:06.695 It turns out over the first 50 years, we increased the capacity of the 00:55:06.714 --> 00:55:10.005 radio spectrum by a million times. 00:55:10.675 --> 00:55:15.625 In the next 50 years, we increased it another million times. 00:55:16.665 --> 00:55:20.515 We are a trillion times more efficient. 00:55:21.730 --> 00:55:30.220 today in using the radio spectrum than we were in Mark Hody's time, and yet we still 00:55:30.230 --> 00:55:36.630 have not just barely tapped the techniques for using the spectrum effectively. 00:55:37.300 --> 00:55:39.280 In fact, we're doing everything possible. 00:55:39.910 --> 00:55:44.120 to make it harder to increase the capacity of the spectrum. 00:55:44.490 --> 00:55:47.620 And we let the the in the U. 00:55:47.620 --> 00:55:51.850 S., we let the Congress decide how to allocate the spectrum. 00:55:51.850 --> 00:55:58.000 I can't think of any group less competent to understand radio spectrum than the U. 00:55:58.000 --> 00:55:58.290 S. 00:55:59.470 --> 00:56:00.100 Congress. 00:56:00.760 --> 00:56:05.610 The whole idea of giving somebody... 00:56:05.760 --> 00:56:11.595 Exclusive access to a piece of spectrum doesn't make any sense at all, because 00:56:11.735 --> 00:56:15.995 sharing the spectrum is the way to make one of the most important way of 00:56:15.995 --> 00:56:18.905 getting more capacity in the spectrum. 00:56:18.905 --> 00:56:20.785 And yet today. 00:56:21.555 --> 00:56:28.990 Every element of the spectrum is owned exclusively by somebody. 00:56:29.870 --> 00:56:36.040 That's just not a practical thing, but there is no doubt in my mind that we can increase 00:56:36.040 --> 00:56:43.430 the capacity of the radio spectrum over the next 50 years by another million times. 00:56:44.030 --> 00:56:53.400 And that's a good thing because we are thinking of new ways Of using the collaboration of people 00:56:53.700 --> 00:56:56.970 to solve all of the big problems in the world. 00:56:56.970 --> 00:57:04.370 And I hope, Federico, that we technologists can figure out how. 00:57:04.895 --> 00:57:12.325 To understand the UNR end of the process, and the very concept of war. 00:57:12.325 --> 00:57:13.165 What do you think? 00:57:16.084 --> 00:57:20.185 Well, Yasaman if I could just interject quickly here, we do have a number of questions 00:57:20.185 --> 00:57:25.285 that have been entered through the Q& A, and There's one in particular that I'm looking 00:57:25.285 --> 00:57:31.835 at that I think is a nice follow up to what Vint and Marty and Federico were just saying. 00:57:32.175 --> 00:57:35.245 The question is, does the panel think the R& D, the U. 00:57:35.245 --> 00:57:35.444 S. 00:57:35.455 --> 00:57:40.365 R& D complex is doing what is needed to keep these great innovations coming? 00:57:40.695 --> 00:57:42.334 What could we be doing better? 00:57:42.645 --> 00:57:48.155 DARPA, ARPA, academia, corporate research different today than 50 years ago. 00:57:48.575 --> 00:57:55.245 Are there countries, other countries or regions that look to be doing R& D better that might 00:57:55.265 --> 00:57:58.874 be models for us going, for the next big thing? 00:57:59.464 --> 00:58:04.680 If you'd like to put that to the panel, and I see Vint raising his hand to respond. 00:58:05.070 --> 00:58:07.400 I'll be happy to start an answer anyway. 00:58:07.440 --> 00:58:12.050 First of all there are other countries that are advancing in their state of the art 00:58:12.050 --> 00:58:14.190 of research, China being an obvious one. 00:58:14.630 --> 00:58:19.500 I believe in the long run, though, that science is widely shareable, and that's our 00:58:19.500 --> 00:58:24.730 whole theory, is that shared knowledge is what advances our ability in the long run, 00:58:24.730 --> 00:58:26.749 and so we should take advantage of that. 00:58:27.070 --> 00:58:30.920 Internet is one tool for sharing that information, and I'm excited to 00:58:30.930 --> 00:58:33.499 see more and more of that happening. 00:58:33.979 --> 00:58:42.445 I do think that by the way the phrase survival of the fittest which Federico 00:58:42.544 --> 00:58:48.735 said meant more, I'd like to suggest a more optimistic interpretation of what that means. 00:58:48.755 --> 00:58:49.635 It's more like... 00:58:50.000 --> 00:58:54.710 Most adaptable, because if you look at the theory of evolution, it's the 00:58:54.720 --> 00:58:57.280 adaptation that drives evolution. 00:58:57.280 --> 00:59:04.170 And so what we need as a society is to learn how to adapt to a more positive environment, 00:59:04.170 --> 00:59:10.120 to, pay attention to our problems like global warming, pay attention to smarter use of 00:59:10.120 --> 00:59:12.240 spectrum, like Marty was saying, sharing. 00:59:12.740 --> 00:59:15.150 You learn to do sharing when you're in kindergarten. 00:59:15.150 --> 00:59:18.740 We should remember those lessons and apply them. 00:59:19.420 --> 00:59:23.990 To to our everyday lives and the challenges that lie ahead. 00:59:24.420 --> 00:59:27.170 I know we're going to run out of time soon, so I'll stop. 00:59:27.170 --> 00:59:29.739 Maybe others would like to respond to that question as well. 00:59:29.740 --> 00:59:41.290 I'll respond to this, Vint, because the principle of the survival of the 00:59:41.290 --> 00:59:42.940 fittest used to be the principle. 00:59:43.580 --> 00:59:48.900 I would go the strongest that to me, to call it the fittest is the politically 00:59:48.900 --> 00:59:51.470 correct version of that symbol. 00:59:52.220 --> 00:59:56.650 The fact of the matter is we think that we are machines. 00:59:56.700 --> 01:00:00.020 Science is telling us today that we are machines. 01:00:00.959 --> 01:00:02.900 And if we are machines, then... 01:00:05.060 --> 01:00:13.340 Because a machine that we build collectively called AI could potentially be better than us. 01:00:14.110 --> 01:00:16.340 Because they are also machines. 01:00:17.110 --> 01:00:20.000 Do, are we really machines or are we not? 01:00:20.550 --> 01:00:25.130 That question has been motivating me the last 35 years. 01:00:25.545 --> 01:00:30.645 of my life to research the nature of consciousness and the nature of free will. 01:00:31.165 --> 01:00:38.005 And I am actually happy to say that in the last two years, we have, together with the 01:00:38.235 --> 01:00:47.655 top physicist in Italy, which is a, one of the top ten in the quantum information we 01:00:47.655 --> 01:00:53.935 have come to a theory that actually shows that consciousness is a quantum phenomenon. 01:00:54.910 --> 01:01:01.400 And as such, and exists in a reality which is vaster, the reality where you have space 01:01:01.400 --> 01:01:08.099 and time and the matter that we know, that we think is the only thing that exists. 01:01:08.439 --> 01:01:14.239 So if you start there, all of a sudden then living systems are quantum and classical 01:01:14.239 --> 01:01:20.530 systems that connect the consciousness, which is not part of the living system, 01:01:20.690 --> 01:01:23.320 is actually existing in a reality vaster. 01:01:24.260 --> 01:01:27.100 Then living systems then connect to the. 01:01:28.130 --> 01:01:35.270 Reality of classical information, the matter, the macroscopic matter that we think is 01:01:35.760 --> 01:01:38.070 the reality described by classical physics. 01:01:38.270 --> 01:01:41.890 So now we have a different view of who we are. 01:01:42.460 --> 01:01:48.869 And in that view, the death of the body is not the death at all. 01:01:49.960 --> 01:01:56.730 And if we start from here, we can actually go way beyond what we have been able to do 01:01:56.740 --> 01:02:03.850 because In the past, we have been considering ourselves completely isolated from the others. 01:02:04.210 --> 01:02:10.650 That's why if I kill somebody, no problem to me. 01:02:11.820 --> 01:02:14.960 Basically that person is separate from me. 01:02:15.560 --> 01:02:19.310 But actually in the quantum world is holistic. 01:02:19.350 --> 01:02:21.810 There are no separable parts. 01:02:22.060 --> 01:02:28.939 We are all part of a whole, as opposed to be a reductionistic world. 01:02:29.290 --> 01:02:34.970 So just changing the sense of who we are can change the way we act in the world. 01:02:34.980 --> 01:02:36.180 Because now if I... 01:02:37.495 --> 01:02:41.065 Bobby, I end up hurting myself because we are all connected. 01:02:41.315 --> 01:02:44.845 And if I do some good to others, then I do good to myself. 01:02:45.175 --> 01:02:50.934 So it is this philosophical starting point that has to change because if we don't start 01:02:50.935 --> 01:02:57.225 from there with the root is not saying, and the root is not saying, wars will continue. 01:03:00.555 --> 01:03:01.195 Wow. 01:03:02.035 --> 01:03:08.605 I don't know how I'm going to follow that, Federico, because my comments are much more 01:03:08.605 --> 01:03:13.095 trivial than what you're talking about, but I subscribe to everything that you said. 01:03:13.764 --> 01:03:17.904 But one of the big problems we have in the short term future is that we are 01:03:18.485 --> 01:03:24.735 regulated and politicized by people who do not understand technology. 01:03:25.035 --> 01:03:26.545 We have a patent system. 01:03:26.885 --> 01:03:35.585 That broke a long time ago and it was supposed to protect the individual inventor. 01:03:36.000 --> 01:03:41.360 And at the moment, it only protects the biggest companies who don't need protection. 01:03:41.800 --> 01:03:49.510 Somehow or other, we have to figure out how to revise our political system to 01:03:49.510 --> 01:03:55.220 understand the kinds of things that you are talking about, Federico, and what Ben talks 01:03:55.220 --> 01:03:58.970 about, so that we can get out of the way. 01:03:59.020 --> 01:04:05.330 Perhaps the technologists put a minimum of guardrails in our people talking about 01:04:05.330 --> 01:04:08.210 we ought to pause artificial intelligence. 01:04:08.210 --> 01:04:09.100 Good luck. 01:04:09.630 --> 01:04:13.920 The genie's out of the bottle, even if you're not going to put him back in again. 01:04:14.815 --> 01:04:21.055 We somehow or other have to get some intelligence into our political system, 01:04:21.735 --> 01:04:23.225 and I think that's a major challenge. 01:04:25.595 --> 01:04:31.184 I want to add one more to that, to Marty, and answer various questions in a different way. 01:04:31.184 --> 01:04:37.844 I guess the problem in academia at least, is that the incentives are 01:04:37.874 --> 01:04:40.425 for you to solve similar problems. 01:04:41.465 --> 01:04:48.055 So that you can publish more and you have fast turnaround in your projects. 01:04:48.625 --> 01:04:53.985 It's, yes, there are fundings available if you want to do a transformative technology that 01:04:54.064 --> 01:04:58.225 will take decades, but do we have enough of it? 01:04:58.765 --> 01:04:59.455 I don't think so. 01:04:59.455 --> 01:05:06.685 And I think that's a problem, definitely, that's going to impact the innovation 01:05:06.755 --> 01:05:08.765 and innovation culture 50 years from now. 01:05:12.605 --> 01:05:14.285 So it's it's Vint again. 01:05:14.745 --> 01:05:19.594 Just responding to that one of the things that I've enjoyed in the course of my 01:05:19.595 --> 01:05:21.965 career is something called a skunkworks. 01:05:22.105 --> 01:05:26.955 And what that really is an isolated team, which is shielded from 01:05:26.965 --> 01:05:29.334 whatever business issues are arising. 01:05:30.164 --> 01:05:35.255 In order to go and focus on a particular problem and to just stay on that problem. 01:05:35.655 --> 01:05:38.455 Internet was built in a sense in the Skunk Works. 01:05:38.985 --> 01:05:43.625 When I was working on MCI Mail, we were isolated from the rest of the company, and 01:05:43.625 --> 01:05:45.495 they basically said, go make this happen. 01:05:46.655 --> 01:05:54.805 I'm a big fan of skunkworks kinds of things, which let people focus on on problems and not be 01:05:54.805 --> 01:05:58.715 sidetracked by for example, near term concerns. 01:05:58.715 --> 01:06:00.995 Now, that sometimes isn't possible. 01:06:00.995 --> 01:06:05.215 You have to have sources of funding and support and facilities and everything 01:06:05.215 --> 01:06:06.955 else in order to make a skunkworks. 01:06:07.625 --> 01:06:08.865 Function successfully. 01:06:09.080 --> 01:06:14.280 There's a very famous skunkworks that was run by Lockheed Martin, for example, that 01:06:14.280 --> 01:06:19.640 made some of the most advanced aircraft used in intelligence gathering, and it 01:06:20.070 --> 01:06:24.529 succeeded in part precisely because it was given the resources it needed, and it was 01:06:24.530 --> 01:06:28.960 told, don't get distracted by anything else, just go figure out how to make this work. 01:06:30.000 --> 01:06:34.170 Maybe we need a kind of sociological skunkworks in order to figure out how 01:06:34.170 --> 01:06:36.290 to make these technologies work for us. 01:06:36.710 --> 01:06:38.720 Instead of having it go the other way around. 01:06:40.880 --> 01:06:45.970 Yes, we have just a few minutes left now and actually there's this, 01:06:46.250 --> 01:06:49.600 I have, yeah, I have one final question that I really wanna ask 01:06:49.690 --> 01:06:50.090 We have a lot 01:06:52.130 --> 01:06:54.150 I was just gonna suggest, time for the final question. 01:06:55.110 --> 01:06:58.590 Interior sciences engineers in the room. 01:06:59.320 --> 01:07:03.970 What is your advice, what is your message for the next generation of inventors? 01:07:04.220 --> 01:07:05.530 I have a simple one. 01:07:05.840 --> 01:07:09.230 If you want to do something big, get help, especially from people 01:07:09.230 --> 01:07:10.410 who are smarter than you are. 01:07:12.350 --> 01:07:12.600 Amen. 01:07:22.340 --> 01:07:23.050 Wonderful. 01:07:23.530 --> 01:07:23.990 Great. 01:07:25.240 --> 01:07:27.340 I'll, I enjoyed the discussion a lot. 01:07:27.340 --> 01:07:29.319 I hope everyone enjoyed it as much as I did. 01:07:29.629 --> 01:07:34.360 I think we need t shirts saying on it, Spectral is beachfront property. 01:07:35.370 --> 01:07:39.560 And the other one, maybe we are all connected. 01:07:41.010 --> 01:07:46.935 Both through quantum and through wireless communication, something like that. 01:07:46.935 --> 01:07:49.585 So thanks a lot, everyone, for participating. 01:07:49.625 --> 01:07:54.674 I know Barry has a few final thoughts for us to share with us, 01:07:54.675 --> 01:07:56.375 so I'll hand it over to you, Barry. 01:07:57.925 --> 01:07:59.285 Thank you, Yasaman. 01:07:59.285 --> 01:08:00.675 I just wanted to... 01:08:01.075 --> 01:08:11.070 again, as Dennis said at the outset this was originally to be a members only event, but 01:08:11.580 --> 01:08:16.769 we decided to, to share it more broadly and I know there are maybe many people in the 01:08:16.770 --> 01:08:27.220 audience who have been participating and say gaining some insight into what are some of 01:08:27.220 --> 01:08:36.335 the benefits of becoming a Marconi Society member by being a member of the Society, yes, 01:08:36.335 --> 01:08:46.765 you get access to events like the ones that we just had, that we all just participated in. 01:08:47.905 --> 01:08:52.284 And emerging from these kinds of events, now we're getting opportunities with the kind of 01:08:52.284 --> 01:08:54.685 people that you had speaking with us today. 01:08:55.375 --> 01:09:01.095 We do have a regular magazine, the Marconi Signal, and also a monthly newsletter. 01:09:01.885 --> 01:09:11.210 And one other announcement I'd like to make we do have our annual Marconi Society Awards Gala. 01:09:11.990 --> 01:09:16.560 Coming up on Friday, October 27th at the Smithsonian National Museum 01:09:16.560 --> 01:09:19.640 of Natural History in Washington, D. 01:09:19.640 --> 01:09:20.000 C. 01:09:20.370 --> 01:09:26.180 I'll say that seats at the gala are limited but if you are interested in attending 01:09:26.940 --> 01:09:34.030 please go to the Marconi Society website and you can get additional information 01:09:34.350 --> 01:09:36.560 on how to attend the event there. 01:09:40.210 --> 01:09:42.290 Thank you everyone for attending. 01:09:42.640 --> 01:09:46.500 And you can see the link at the bottom of the page there. 01:09:46.500 --> 01:09:49.920 And I believe that the link is also on out in the chat if you'd like to find 01:09:49.920 --> 01:09:54.940 out more about becoming a member of the Marconi Society and participating in the 01:09:54.940 --> 01:10:02.090 various events and getting access to all the benefits of that comes with membership. 01:10:02.090 --> 01:10:07.960 Thank you everybody and look forward to being in contact with you 01:10:07.960 --> 01:10:08.360 all again.